RUN FOR THE CITY!!!!!!!!!!!! RUNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

Image from usatoday.com

The migration of the American population from rural areas to urban areas has occurred for many years. Both US census data, and the USA today chart that is derived from that data demonstrate this decline in percentage of the total population.

The USA Today graphic is called a snapshot, and is one of many featured in every issue of the newspaper. These snapshots are, according to usatoday.com, "easy-to-read statistical graphics that present information on various issues and trends in a visually appealing way." The example above is clearly easy to read and visually appealing. There are only a few numbers on the graph; just enough to assure the reader that this chart is legitimate. The lines are bold and straight making them easy to follow. Even the colors are appropriate, with green representing the natural, rural farmers, and the gray representing the city and its dark streets and buildings. These colors contrast each other well, which makes it easy to see the increasing gap between the urban line and the rural line. After looking at this chart for a few minutes, which is probably longer than any USA Today reader would, I noticed that the graph was not mathematically accurate. The slopes of the two lines should not be constant, but should change to become steeper after 1960.  The general idea is still expressed with the lines, but more could be gained if the graph was more accurate, particularly if there was more data.

Data from census.gov

The US census data, from the 1990 US census, shows percentages and total populations living in rural and urban areas. The full data set also tracks rural and urban population shifts in every state. This information can be found here.  Urban and rural population shift is an interesting phenomenon that can be examined easily with the census data. The representation of the data in this chart form is not exactly how it appears on the website. I omitted the data for the individual states in order to make it easier to read and fit on the page better.  Even with all of the extra information removed, it is not that easy to parse the data. The formatting of the chart, with a separate label for every single number on the chart makes it difficult to draw connections between different pieces of data in order to recognize trends in the data. I reformatted the data into a new chart. The major change I made was removing the single row method from before. All of the data is from the United States, so there is no need to label that it is. With the data formatted this way it is much easier to see how the data trends over time. After looking at the data in this format I noticed that the rural population was increasing even though the percentage is decreasing. The USA Today graphic only discussed the changes in the percentage of people living in rural and urban areas and stated that "a steady decline in rural populations was first noted in the 1920 census."

The formatted data makes it easy to see the deceptiveness of the graphic. Because we are given an incomplete picture USA Today is able to manipulate us to project the knowledge that they want to impart on us. I'm not sure why they would want us to believe that urban migration is so big, but it definitely is deceiving. It seems as if USA Today wants us to think that the rural population is fleeing to the cities at a rapid rate.

Confused by the snapshot, I decided to plot the data using Matlab, in order to see if there was any intentional deception from USA Today.

The first graph is the percentage rural and urban, and the second is the uses the actual population numbers. The first graph should look the same as the USA Today chart, and it does look similar. But not the same. I used the data supplied by the US census to create by charts and used 10 data points instead of three. Also I plotted them accurately, so the slope of each segment is accurate. The steepness of the slopes generally appears to decrease over time, which means that migration to urban areas is decreasing. This differs from the USA Today graph that shows constant migration over 80 years. If we look back at the comment, saying "a steady decline in rural populations was first noted in the 1920 census" we can see how wrong it is. Even if it is referring to the percentage rather than the population, the decrease was happening 20 years before that, and at one of the fastest rates in the last 100 years! The second graph confirms what we saw in the earlier data. We can see that both the urban and rural populations are increasing, although the urban population is increasing at a faster rate. One significant part of the graph is that it is easy to see how the urban population growth mirrors the total population growth. This means that the total population growth depends on the urban population growth rather than the growth in the rural population, which is too small to make a significant impact on the change in total population.

The new graphs shed even more light on urban migration than the charts. The graphs make it easier to understand trends than with the charts. You do lose a little using the graphs because it is difficult to know exact values just by looking at the graphs. Even though you have more accurate data with the charts pattern recognition is done by keeping track of values and trends mentally rather than visually, which can be difficult to do. In this example I think it is more important to understand the trends and patterns of the situation rather than actual data values, which leads me to believe that graphs are more useful in this situation. I do hesitate to say that, because we have seen how deceptive these charts can be when we looked at the snapshot from USA Today.

Eyjafjallajokull Shmeyjafjallajokull...

  Image courtesy of Reuters and metro.co.uk

The Eyjafjallajokul volcano in Iceland began erupting just days ago, but has caused billions of dollars to be lost. People have been stranded all of the world trying to leave and return to Europe because the ash and dust create an unsafe environment for planes. A few of my friends were hoping to go to Tanzania for a humanitarian engineering project tomorrow, but they may be delayed a week because of the volcano and the infrequency of flights to Dar es Salaam.

I decided to listen to an NPR report from the Morning Edition about the volcano. The transcript to the show is also linked below. After that, I read an article written by the reporter, Joe Palca, of that segment.




The transcript can be found at http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=126089707.

An article written by Palca about the same story can be found at http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126089707.

The radio piece is significantly longer than the written article, so it contains some information that is not revealed in the article. For instance, in the radio segment Ilyinskaya mentions that all of the ash that they are collecting is new. The news article is still complete without this bit of information, the knowledge gained from that short statement helps the listener appreciate the magnitude of the volcano. It also makes the listener feel as if the threat posed by the volcano may be increasing, which leads to more ominous undertones to the broadcast.

Usually audio and video sources try to appeal to your emotions more than written text. It is easier for a human voice to affect a listener emotionally simply because it is easier to interpret emotion from a voice than from text. This can allow audio and video sources to force an emotion on you, rather than allowing the viewer to formulate their personal opinions and feelings about the subject.

This text is different than the previous article in the New York Times, which clearly tried to be as objective and factual as possible. The written piece by Palca tells the story much like he gave his report on the radio. This story is quite different from the Pakistani attacks, which are more likely to evoke strong emotions if the writer does not put effort into staying as objective and unemotional as possible. The conversational tone of Palca's article does make it easy for the reader to follow his journeys near the volcano. It was still easier to follow the radio report. It almost felt like a sports event, with Palca giving us a play-by-play of every event that occurred. This was an effective way to help us understand the processes and times involved in studying volcanoes.

One discrepancy between the text and audio surprised me. In the text Palca writes:

In one spot, they could see the sun through the cloud. The view allowed Ilyinskaya to measure the size of the particles in the plume and their density.

But when he speaks of the same event on the radio, this exchange takes place:

PALCA: We drive deeper into the dark cloud where Evgenia hops out and set up another gas analyzer. Then she turns the car back toward the sunlight. She's looking for a spot where she can see the sun shining through the plume.
Ms. ILYINSKAYA: Yes! This is perfect.
PALCA: She's got an instrument that can tell the size of particles in the plume by seeing how much they affect the sunlight shining through them. After wrestling with the device for 15 minutes, she gets back in the car.
Ms. ILYINSKAYA: The trouble with this piece of equipment, it's very clever, but it wasn't designed for volcanic plumes.

 The first quotation indicates that Ilyinskaya was successful in measuring the size of the particles, while the second leads us to believe that the attempt was unsuccessful.

Actually hearing the voices of top volcanologists gave the broadcast a sense of legitimacy lacking in the written article. The article seemed like a good story with some interesting information about the eruption, we knew there were experts, but they didn't have much of an impact on the article. Unlike the article, the volcanologists were giving us information directly. This could have been done in the article by quoting them or at least paraphrasing some of their comments.

Even though neither source was full of statistics, or hard facts and figures, they both gave an interesting and clear recap of Joe Palca's trip to the Eyjafjallajokul volcano and provided some information on the volcano. I enjoyed the radio broadcast more, but if I had been in a hurry, the text would have sufficed. The storytelling prowess of Palca made for an enjoyable and informative experience in both pieces.

Between Media and a First Base

Image courtesy of http://www.chrisoleary.com

So the folks who run the MLB are sticklers about their copyright privileges, so I can't embed the video on the blog, so you'll have to click on the link below. The video shows one of the best plays of all time by White Sox pitcher Mark Buehrle. The audio from two television and two radio broadcasts is played during the video.

http://www.mlb.com/video/play.jsp?content_id=7285867

When describing an event a radio commentator has to speak differently than one on television. The audio commentary is obviously more important for the radio broadcast because it is the only way for the information transfer to occur. Unlike radio, television broadcasts do not always require the audio commentary. In fact, I often enjoy watching tennis matches and hockey games without the commentary.

The jobs of radio play-by-play men and color commentators are significantly different than their television counterparts because they have to tell listeners what is happening in more detail and set the mood of the game.

You can hear differences in the audio feeds of the multiple radio broadcasts and the single television broadcast. Initially I noticed that what was said was different. On the radio the commentators are the mechanism for observing the game, so they gave a literal play-by-play of the action, expressing every aspect of the play as detailed as they could. This was in contrast to the play on TV where nothing was said until the ball bounced of the foot of Buehrle and the announcers sensed that something spectacular was going to happen. Even then, their exclamations were less detailed than the radio announcers. Perhaps this is because they have less experience expressing the game verbally. They seemed to rely on the replay to relay the significance of the play rather than their explanation it. In both broadcasts I understood how incredible the play was immediately just from the excitement of the announcers, but I didn't understand exactly what happened until the replay was shown on TV. The television announcers could have been hesitant to speak to quickly out of fear that they might be shown to be wrong by the replay. It's also possible that I should have been able to pick up on the play on my own, and my lack of baseball knowledge prevented me from seeing the obvious.

Obviously the televised broadcast had video, which the radio could not have. One radio commentator mentioned that we should check out "the highlights" after the game. Humans rely on sight as their primary sense, which is why most people prefer to watch baseball on TV rather than listen on the radio. It's much more difficult to verbally explain what is happening in a game than to show video of it. Watching a 500ft home run on live TV is much easier to understand than listening to an announcer call it on the radio. One has to be familiar with the layout of the field, positions and baseball terminology in order to follow a game on the radio. These are not a challenge for a baseball fan, but a baseball novice can quickly enjoy and begin to understand a game by watching it on TV.

Another obvious plus for the video is instant replay. The first time I saw the play I didn't realize that Buerhle threw the ball with his glove between his legs, and I still thought it was a good play. After I saw the replay I was even more impressed because I had seen it in super slow-mo and could easily see how ridiculous the play was.

There are those who do enjoy a radio broadcast more than a televised game. The radio announcer has a greater opportunity to work the emotions of the listener because he is more of a storyteller, while a television announcer takes on the role of a narrator by filling in gaps and focusing the viewer on specific plays and players. When listening to the radio broadcasts I could feel the excitement much more tangibly than when I watched the play on TV. The announcers still definitely let me know that Buehrle's play was something special, but I didn't feel emotional in any way. Overall the radio announcer has much more power over the audience than the television announcer because he path for information to travel, while there are two paths for the televised game.

Pakistani Taliban attack U.S. Consulate

After an attack on the U.S. consulate today by the Pakistani Taliban most major news agencies released articles detailing the attack. Britain's Channel 4 News reported the story in the video displayed below.

After watching the video I read about the incident in The New York Times. The article can be found here.

In the video, the host starts by giving a brief overview of the situation, familiarizing the viewer with the event. After the introduction, the report makes a clear transition to Pakistan, where the attack took place. This clear transition allowed me turn my focus from my futon in Hanover, NH to the attack in Peshawar. The written article offered no such transition, shoving me into the event immediately. The abruptness of the article could be because the writers knew that the readers had to choose the article, and would consequently be ready for it, while video was part of a set newscast that was not dictated by the viewer.

The video goes to a map, which is absent in the article. The map helps us contextualize the situation. We can see Peshawar's proximity to Afghanistan as well as its location relative to Timurgara where another suicide bombing occurred on the same day. I'm generally pretty good with geography, but I had no idea where these places were. The New York Times does mention the other attack and indicates that the attack occurred in "another northern area" implying that Peshawar is northern, but still making it difficult to see the possible connection between the two events.

Later on in the video the reporter runs through a quick play-by-play of the attack, but he does some of this while we hear sirens, explosions and gunshots. It's impossible to pay attention to the details. All I remembered after watching this for the first time was that there were loads of explosions and gunshots. And maybe that's all that matters. Maybe we only need to know that there was an attack, rather than the tactics employed by the attackers. But for those interested in the details the written article provided a much more detailed summary of the fight and was also easier to comprehend.

Because reading is self-paced, while watching video is not, the writers of the article were able to fill it with many numbers detailing the events of the day. I was able to fully process the numbers mentioned in the article, and understand their significance, unlike the video, where, despite it having fewer numbers, I was unable to take the data in at my own pace. Consequently, I understood the material less thoroughly.

The Lede blog, published by the New York Times, comments on the video, and mentions that

The crawl at the bottom of the screen gave updates on a celebrity drama, the planned marriage of a Pakistani cricket star, Shoaib Malik, to an Indian tennis player, Sania Mirza

which gives us a feel for the Pakistani perspective of the events. The nonchalantness off the Pakistani report reveals the Pakistani perspective in a way that would be impossible to learn from the written article.

The written article just struggles to capture the feeling and intensity of the event like the video does. With images and sound we can more easily attach emotions to the event, which helps us contextualize the event. Even though the video lacks the detail of the article my understanding of the attack was much clearer after watching the video. Understanding material analytically and emotionally, and combining the two media helped me build a more complete picture of the event.